Review of the Recommended AP BIOLOGY Labs
(adapted from Joan Rasmussen)

Statistical Analysis

Calculate Standard Error                                                                                                                                                                           

Calculate Mean

Calculate Standard Deviations:  What is the standard deviation for the following set of data, 65.4 ml, 43.0 ml, 59.8 ml, and 57.2 ml?

Diffusion and Osmosis

Create a dilution from a concentrated stock solution... What volume of a 3.0 M solutions of sucrose would you need to make 250 ml of a 0.2 M solution of sucrose.

What mass of solid NaCl do you need to make 250 ml of a 0.3 M NaCl solution?

Some potato squares are placed into different molar solutions. Create a graph of the expected change in mass of the squares for the different concentrations.

Calculate surface area to volume ratios to determine which one will diffuse the fastest.

A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrink, swell or stay the same? Why?

A cell placed into a hypotonic solution will shrink, swell or stay the same? Why?

A cell placed into an isotonic solution will shrink, swell, or stay the same? Why?

What is plasmolysis?

List the 2 components affecting the water potential of a system? 1. _________________ 2.__________________

Calculate Water Potential if you have a 0.60 molar solution of NaCl at 45^◦C.

Enzyme Catalysis

What do enzymes do?

What was the substrate in this experiment?

Create a graph of the amount of product formed over time as a result of an enzymatic reaction.

Is the consumption of substrate linear? Why?

Generally, raising the temperature causes the reaction rate to increase or decrease?

Calculate rate of enzyme activity.

What was the purpose of the H₂SO₄ and how did it work?

What is the [H⁺] of a solution that has a pH of 3? What about [OH^-]? What is the pH if the [H⁺]  is 3.4 X 10^-5?

Mitosis and Meiosis

List the important parts of the cell cycle and what happens to the chromosomal material in each.

In which phase do cells spend most of their time?

What factors will influence whether the cell divided or not?

Calculate Chi square for mitosis data...

What is crossing over? How does it benefit an organism?

Under a microscope it is noticed that about 4 of the asci show crossover and 10 did not show crossover, what is the mapping units?

Draw a pair of chromosomes in Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and show how you would get a 2:2:2:2 arrangement of ascospores by crossing over.

Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

How does chromatography work?

Using the table below calculate the Rf values for the pigments, if the solvent front moved 100 mm.

How did you known photosynthesis was occurring with the spinach disks?

What factors increased photosynthesis? How did you know?

How did you calculate rate of photosynthesis?

Cellular Respiration

Estimate the amount of oxygen consumed in the conditions listed in the table

What was the purpose of the beads?

Calculate the Q10 when...

Biotechnology and Molecular Biology

How does a restriction enzyme work?

What is a plasmid?

How was the plasmid inserted into the bacteria up in this lab?

Which fragments of DNA migrate further along a gel electrophoresis plate, long or short fragments?

What happened to each of the colonies below and why?
    LB without plasmid
    LB with plasmid and ampicillin
    LB with ampicillin but without plasmid
    LB with plasmid, ampicillin and arabinose

Artificial Selection, Genetics and Chi Square

What does a Chi square measure?

What are the chances of getting the genotype of AaBBCC from a cross of AaBbCC X AaBBCc ?

Complete the following table for the following incomplete dominance monohybrid cross:
        Bb X Bb, where BB=black fur; Bb=auburn fur; bb=albino

At the 0.05 probability level, are the results significantly different from what was expected?

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium: Population Genetics

What are the 5 assumptions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

What do the following stand for, p², 2pq and q²?

Solve the following:
    a) In a Hardy-Weinberg population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?   

    b) In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.6. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?   

    c) Why was the heterozygous condition for sickle cell favorable against malaria?

Comparing DNA using BLASTs

What is BLAST and how can it be used to determine evolutionary relationships?

How do you make a cladogram or phylogentic tree to display evolutionary relationship?

Transpiration

Using the following conditions, create a graph showing the relationship between the amount of transpiration and time. Then, in the blank write a short explanation of the physiological responses because of the environmental conditions.

    a) A plant at room temperature   

    b) A plant in humid conditions   

    c) A plant in high light conditions   

    d) A plant in very dry conditions

Animal Behavior

What needs to be included when designing an experiment?

How do you set up a table for collecting data? How do you make a graph for your data?

Energy Dynamics

What are free energy (G), enthalpy (H) and entropy (S)? and how are they affected in the above pathways?

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Determine ΔG, ΔH and ΔS for different situations

How can free energy be transformed through an ecosystem? What happens to the energy as it moves through an ecosystem?